# title
Soil carbon response to woody plant encroachment: importance of spatial heterogeneity and deep soil storage

# abstract
Summary     Recent global trends of increasing woody plant abundance in grassdominated ecosystems may substantially enhance soil organic carbon ( SOC ) storage and could represent a strong carbon (C) sink in the terrestrial environment. However, few studies have quantitatively addressed the influence of spatial heterogeneity of vegetation and soil properties on SOC storage at the landscape scale. In addition, most studies assessing SOC response to woody encroachment consider only surface soils, and have not explicitly assessed the extent to which deeper portions of the soil profile may be sequestering C.     We quantified the direction, magnitude and pattern of spatial heterogeneity of SOC in the upper 12m of the profile following woody encroachment via spatially specific intensive soil sampling across a landscape in a subtropical savanna in the Rio Grande Plains, USA , that has undergone woody proliferation during the past century.     Increased SOC accumulation following woody encroachment was observed to considerable depth, albeit at reduced magnitudes in deeper portions of the profile. Overall, woody clusters and groves accumulated 1287 and 1867 Mg Cha 1 more SOC compared to grasslands to a depth of 12m.     Woody encroachment significantly altered the pattern of spatial heterogeneity of SOC to a depth of 5cm, with marginal effect at 515cm, and no significant impact on soils below 15cm. Fine root density explained greater variability of SOC in the upper 15cm, while a combination of fine root density and soil clay content accounted for more of the variation in SOC in soils below 15cm across this landscape.     Synthesis . Substantial soil organic carbon sequestration can occur in deeper portions of the soil profile following woody encroachment. Furthermore, vegetation patterns and soil properties influenced the spatial heterogeneity and uncertainty of soil organic carbon in this landscape, highlighting the need for spatially specific sampling that can characterize this variability and enable scaling and modelling. Given the geographic extent of woody encroachment on a global scale, this undocumented deep soil carbon sequestration suggests this vegetation change may play a more significant role in regional and global carbon sequestration than previously thought.

# authors[].organizations[].label
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences

# authors[].organizations[].label
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences