# title
Sequence analysis in Bos taurus reveals pervasiveness of X-Y arms races in mammalian lineages.

# abstract
Studies of Y Chromosome evolution have focused primarily on gene decay, a consequence of suppression of crossing-over with the X Chromosome. Here, we provide evidence that suppression of X-Y crossing-over unleashed a second dynamic: selfish X-Y arms races that reshaped the sex chromosomes in mammals as different as cattle, mice, and men. Using super-resolution sequencing, we explore the Y Chromosome of Bos taurus (bull) and find it to be dominated by massive, lineage-specific amplification of testis-expressed gene families, making it the most gene-dense Y Chromosome sequenced to date. As in mice, an X-linked homolog of a bull Y-amplified gene has become testis-specific and amplified. This evolutionary convergence implies that lineage-specific X-Y coevolution through gene amplification, and the selfish forces underlying this phenomenon, were dominatingly powerful among diverse mammalian lineages. Together with Y gene decay, X-Y arms races molded mammalian sex chromosomes and influenced the course of mammalian evolution.

# authors[].organizations[].label
College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences

# authors[].organizations[].label
College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences

# authorList[]
Hughes, J. F., Skaletsky, H., Pyntikova, T., Koutseva, N., Raudsepp, T., Brown, L. G., ... Page, D. C.